Deep, rapid, and durable prostate-specific antigen decline with apalutamide plus androgen deprivation therapy is associated with longer survival and improved clinical outcomes in TITAN patients with metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: The first interim analysis of the phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multinational TITAN study demonstrated improved overall survival (OS) and radiographic progression-free survival (rPFS) with apalutamide added to ongoing androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in patients with metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer. The final analysis confirmed improvement in OS and other long-term outcomes. We evaluated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) kinetics and the association between PSA decline and outcomes in patients with metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer from TITAN. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients received apalutamide (240 mg/day) or placebo plus ADT (1 : 1). This post hoc exploratory analysis evaluated PSA kinetics and decline in relation to rPFS (22.7 months' follow-up) and OS, time to PSA progression, and time to castration resistance (44.0 months' follow-up) in patients with or without confirmed PSA decline using a landmark analysis, the Kaplan-Meier method, and Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: One thousand and fifty-two patients (apalutamide, 525; placebo, 527) were enrolled. Best confirmed PSA declines (≥50% or ≥90% from baseline or to ≤0.2 ng/ml) were achieved at any time during the study in 90%, 73%, and 68% of apalutamide-treated versus 55%, 29%, and 32% of placebo-treated patients, respectively. By 3 months of apalutamide treatment, best deep PSA decline of ≥90% or to ≤0.2 ng/ml occurred in 59% and 51% of apalutamide- and in 13% and 18% of placebo-treated patients, respectively. Achievement of deep PSA decline at landmark 3 months of apalutamide treatment was associated with longer OS [hazard ratio (HR) 0.35; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.25-0.48), rPFS (HR 0.44; 95% CI 0.30-0.65), time to PSA progression (HR 0.31; 95% CI 0.22-0.44), and time to castration resistance (HR 0.38; 95% CI 0.27-0.52) compared with no decline (P < 0.0001 for all). Similar results were observed at landmark 6 and 12 months of apalutamide treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Apalutamide plus ADT demonstrated a robust (rapid, deep, and durable) PSA decline that was associated with improved clinical outcomes, including long-term survival.

Linfadenectomía inguinal videoendoscópica modificada por abordaje suprafascial: descripción de la técnica y resultados quirúrgicos preliminares / Modified videoendoscopic inguinal lymphadenectomy through suprafascial approach: Technical description and preliminary surgical outcomes

Introducción: La disección de los ganglios linfáticos inguinales mediante abordaje videoendoscópico (LIVE) se ha planteado como una alternativa óptima para disminuir la morbilidad y mantener un control oncológico equivalente al del abordaje convencional. Uno de los pasos de mayor complejidad de la técnica es la elaboración de un plano de disección adecuado y entre sus ventajas está una exposición mejorada del campo quirúrgico. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la viabilidad, en términos de seguridad y control oncológico, de una modificación de la técnica LIVE convencional, utilizando un plano de disección suprafascial, en una serie inicial de pacientes.Pacientes y métodos: Se llevó a cabo una revisión retrospectiva en un único centro de los pacientes tratados con LIVE mediante nuestra modificación de abordaje suprafascial. Se proporciona una descripción de la técnica quirúrgica paso a paso. Los datos recogidos incluyeron las características demográficas y de la enfermedad, las comorbilidades y los factores intra- y postoperatorios.Resultados: Se incluyó a un total de 7 pacientes (12 procedimientos). La edad media era de 64,42 años y el 71,42% de los pacientes eran hombres. El procedimiento se realizó de forma bilateral en el 71,4% de los casos. La mediana de pérdida de sangre estimada fue de 10mL (rango 10-25). El tiempo quirúrgico medio fue de 115 min (rango 120-170). La mediana del número de ganglios linfáticos obtenidos fue de 10,25 ganglios (rango 7-11). Solo un paciente (8,3%) experimentó una complicación de grado iiia de Clavien-Dindo, lo que requirió recambio del drenaje percutáneo. La mediana de tiempo hasta la retirada del drenaje fue de 13 días (rango 10-16). La mediana de duración de la estancia hospitalaria fue de 48 h, oscilando entre 24 y 96 h en toda la serie. (AU)

Introduction: The videoendoscopic approach to inguinal lymph node dissection (VEIL) has been suggested as an excellent alternative carrying lower morbidity but equivalent oncological control. One of its most difficult steps is the development of an appropriate plane of dissection. A suprafascial approach would allow for better exposure. The objective of this study is to determine the feasibility, in terms of safety and oncological control, of a technical modification to the classical VEIL technique using a suprafascial plane of dissection in an initial series of patients.Patients and methods: A single institution retrospective review of patients undergoing VEIL technique using our modified suprafascial approach was conducted. A step-by-step surgical description is provided. Data collected included demographics; comorbid conditions; disease characteristics; intraoperative factors; and postoperative factors.Results: A total of 7 patients (12 procedures) were included. Average age was 64.42 years old, and 71.42% of the patients were male. The procedure was performed bilaterally in 71.4% of the cases. Median estimated blood loss was 10mL (range 10-25). Mean operative time was 115 minutes (range 120-170). Median number of nodes removed was 10.25 (range 7-11). Only one of the patients (8.3%) experienced a Clavien-Dindo grade IIIa complication requiring delayed percutaneous drainage replacement. Median time until drainage removal was 13 days (range 10-16). Median length of stay was 48hours but ranged from 24-96hours within the series.Conclusions: The modified Video Endoscopic Inguinal Lymphadenectomy (VEIL) technique using a suprafascial plane of the dissection, allows a bilateral ILND in highly competitive operative times and with limited morbidity, without compromising its oncological efficacy. (AU)

Modified videoendoscopic inguinal lymphadenectomy through suprafascial approach: Technical description and preliminary surgical outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: The videoendoscopic approach to inguinal lymph node dissection (VEIL) has been suggested as an excellent alternative carrying lower morbidity but equivalent oncological control. One of its most difficult steps is the development of an appropriate plane of dissection. A suprafascial approach would allow for better exposure. The objective of this study is to determine the feasibility, in terms of safety and oncological control, of a technical modification to the classical VEIL technique using a suprafascial plane of dissection in an initial series of patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A single institution retrospective review of patients undergoing VEIL technique using our modified suprafascial approach was conducted. A step-by-step surgical description is provided. Data collected included demographics; comorbid conditions; disease characteristics; intraoperative factors; and postoperative factors. RESULTS: A total of 7 patients (12 procedures) were included. Average age was 64.42 years old, and 71.42% of the patients were male. The procedure was performed bilaterally in 71.4% of the cases. Median estimated blood loss was 10 mL (range 10-25). Mean operative time was 185 min (range 120-170). Median number of nodes removed was 10.25 nodes (range 7-11). Only one of the patients (8.3%) experienced a Clavien-Dindo grade IIIa complication requiring delayed percutaneous drainage replacement. Median time until drainage removal was 13 days (range 10-16). Median length of stay was 48 hours but ranged from 24-96 hours within the series. CONCLUSIONS: The modified VEIL technique using a suprafascial plane of the dissection, allows a bilateral ILND in highly competitive operative times and with limited morbidity, without compromising its oncological efficacy.

Cáncer de próstata resistente a la castración no metastásico: recomendaciones de manejo / Non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: management recommendations

Introducción y objetivo: La supervivencia y calidad de vida (QoL) de los pacientes con cáncer de próstata resistente a la castración no metastásico (CPRCnm) se deteriora de forma muy significativa cuando llegan a desarrollar metástasis. Los antiandrógenos de nueva generación (apalutamida, enzalutamida y darolutamida) pueden prolongar la supervivencia libre de metástasis (SLM) y la supervivencia global (SG) en estos pacientes, manteniendo su QoL.Material y método: Tras una revisión sistemática de la literatura, un comité científico alcanzó un consenso sobre recomendaciones sencillas y prácticas que unifiquen y mejoren el manejo de los pacientes con CPRCnm en las consultas de urología.Resultados: Se dan recomendaciones sobre la frecuencia de determinación de antígeno prostático específico (PSA) y pruebas de imagen en pacientes con CPRCnm. También se destaca la importancia de las comorbilidades en el paciente con CPRCnm y se ofrecen recomendaciones sobre la valoración funcional y de la QoL que se pueden llevar a cabo en la consulta de urología. Se revisa la eficacia, seguridad y efectos sobre la QoL de los antiandrógenos de nueva generación.Conclusiones: Para la evaluación del tratamiento de pacientes con CPRCnm, es necesario tener en cuenta no solo la edad, sino también las comorbilidades y la QoL. Los antiandrógenos de nueva generación son una opción de tratamiento segura y eficaz en los pacientes con CPRCnm. Las recomendaciones de trabajo pueden servir de ayuda para optimizar su manejo de los pacientes con CPRCnm en las consultas de urología. (AU)

Introduction and objective: Survival and quality of life (QoL) of patients with non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC) deteriorate significantly when they develop metastases. New generation antiandrogens (apalutamide, enzalutamide and darolutamide) can prolong metastasis-free survival (MFS) and overall survival (OS) in these patients, maintaining their QoL.Material and methods: After the performance of a systematic review of the literature, a scientific committee reached a consensus on simple and practical recommendations to consolidate and improve the management of patients with nmCRPC in urology consultations.Results: Recommendations are made on the frequency of PSA determination and imaging tests in patients with nmCRPC. The importance of co-morbidities in patients with nmCRPC is also highlighted, and recommendations are also made on functional and QoL assessment that can be carried out during urology consultations. The efficacy, safety, and effects on QoL of new generation antiandrogens are reviewed.Conclusions: To evaluate treatment of patients with nmCRPC, it is necessary to consider co-morbidities and QoL, in addition to age. New generation antiandrogens are a safe and effective treatment option for patients with nmCRPC. The recommendations of this review can be helpful in optimizing the management of nmCRPC patients in urology consultations. (AU)

Non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: management recommendations.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Survival and quality of life (QoL) of patients with non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC) deteriorate significantly when they develop metastases. New generation antiandrogens (apalutamide, enzalutamide and darolutamide) can prolong metastasis-free survival (MFS) and overall survival (OS) in these patients, maintaining their QoL. MATERIAL AND METHODS: After the performance of a systematic review of the literature, a scientific committee reached a consensus on simple and practical recommendations to consolidate and improve the management of patients with nmCRPC in urology consultations. RESULTS: Recommendations are made on the frequency of PSA determination and imaging tests in patients with nmCRPC. The importance of co-morbidities in patients with nmCRPC is also highlighted, and recommendations are also made on functional and QoL assessment that can be carried out during urology consultations. The efficacy, safety, and effects on QoL of new generation antiandrogens are reviewed. CONCLUSIONS: To evaluate treatment of patients with nmCRPC, it is necessary to consider co-morbidities and QoL, in addition to age. New generation antiandrogens are a safe and effective treatment option for patients with nmCRPC. The recommendations of this review can be helpful in optimizing the management of nmCRPC patients in urology consultations.

Factores clínicos determinantes para la realización de pruebas de imagen en cáncer de próstata resistente a la castración no metastásico en la práctica clínica: resultados del estudio IDENTIFICA / Clinical drivers for imaging testing in non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer in clinical practice: Results of the IDENTIFICA study

Introducción: El objetivo del estudio consistió en describir los factores clínicos que llevan a los médicos a realizar pruebas de imagen para identificar metástasis en pacientes con cáncer de próstata (CP) resistente a la castración no metastásico (CPRCnm).MétodosEstudio observacional transversal realizado en los servicios de Urología de 38 hospitales españoles; 188 pacientes diagnosticados con CPRCnm sometidos una prueba de imagen para evaluar la presencia de metástasis fueron incluidos. Se solicitó a los médicos, en una única visita del estudio, que especificaran los factores clínicos que los llevaron a realizar estas pruebas. Se presentaron los resultados de las pruebas de imagen y las características clínicas de los pacientes desde el diagnóstico de CP. Se utilizaron análisis de regresión para determinar factores predictivos de los resultados de las pruebas de imagen.ResultadosEl valor del «prostate-specific antigen» (por sus siglas en inglés, PSA), fue el factor más importante que determinó la solicitud de pruebas de imagen (57,1%), seguido de un seguimiento habitual (16,5%) y del tiempo de duplicación del PSA (TDPSA) (12,0%). Aunque estos factores no guardaron relación con la detección de metástasis, los pacientes con una concentración de PSA ≥ 20 ng/ml tuvieron un mayor riesgo de metástasis que aquellos con una concentración <4 ng/ml (p=0,004), mientras que los pacientes con CPRC diagnosticados de metástasis (CPRCm) tuvieron una mayor mediana de concentración de PSA (20,9; intervalo intercuartílico [IIC]: 6,7-38,6) que aquellos con CPRCnm (9,1; IIC: 5,0-18,0) (p=0,005). Un 66% no se sometió a ninguna prueba de imagen entre el diagnóstico de CPRC y la visita del estudio (10,6, IIC: 4,0-19,5 meses). El tratamiento con intención curativa en el momento del diagnóstico de CP y la puntuación de Gleason predijeron un mayor tiempo transcurrido entre los diagnósticos de CP y CPRC. (AU)

Introduction: The aim of the study was to describe the clinical drivers that lead physicians to perform imaging tests in search of metastasis in non-metastasic castration prostate resistant cancer (nmCRPC) patients.MethodsObservational, cross-sectional study conducted at the Departments of Urology of 38 Spanish hospitals. The study included 188 patients diagnosed with nmCRPC who underwent an imaging test for the assessment of metástasis. In one study visit, physicians were requested to specify the clinical factors that led them to perform these tests. The results of the imaging tests and the clinical characteristics of the patients since the time of prostate cancer (PC) diagnosis, were reported. Regression analyses were used to determine predictors of imaging test results.ResultsProstate-specific antigen (PSA) level was the most important driver to order imaging tests (57.1%), followed by regular follow-up (16.5%) and PSA doubling time (PSADT) (12.0%). Although these drivers were not associated to detection of metastasis, patients with PSA levels ≥20 ng/mL had a greater risk of metastasis than patients with PSA levels <4ng/mL (P=.004) and CRPC patients diagnosed with metastasis (mCRPC) had higher median PSA levels (20.9; interquartile range [IQR]: 6.7-38.6) than nmCRPC (9.1; IQR: 5.0-18.0) (P=.005). Sixty-six percent of the patients did not undergo any imaging test after CRPC diagnosis until the study visit (10.6, IQR: 4.0-19.5 months). Curative-intent treatment at PC diagnosis and Gleason score predicted longer time from PC to CRPC diagnosis.ConclusionsPhysicians based their decisions to order imaging tests for metastasis detection in nmCRPC patients mainly on PSA and PSA kinetics, including the regular follow-up stated by guideline recommendations. (AU)

Clinical drivers for imaging testing in non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer in clinical practice: Results of the IDENTIFICA study. / Factores clínicos determinantes para la realización de pruebas de imagen en cáncer de próstata resistente a la castración no metastásico en la práctica clínica: resultados del estudio IDENTIFICA.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to describe the clinical drivers that lead physicians to perform imaging tests in search of metastasis in non-metastasic castration prostate resistant cancer (nmCRPC) patients. METHODS: Observational, cross-sectional study conducted at the Departments of Urology of 38 Spanish hospitals. The study included 188 patients diagnosed with nmCRPC who underwent an imaging test for the assessment of metástasis. In one study visit, physicians were requested to specify the clinical factors that led them to perform these tests. The results of the imaging tests and the clinical characteristics of the patients since the time of prostate cancer (PC) diagnosis, were reported. Regression analyses were used to determine predictors of imaging test results. RESULTS: Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level was the most important driver to order imaging tests (57.1%), followed by regular follow-up (16.5%) and PSA doubling time (PSADT) (12.0%). Although these drivers were not associated to detection of metastasis, patients with PSA levels ≥20 ng/mL had a greater risk of metastasis than patients with PSA levels <4ng/mL (P=.004) and CRPC patients diagnosed with metastasis (mCRPC) had higher median PSA levels (20.9; interquartile range [IQR]: 6.7-38.6) than nmCRPC (9.1; IQR: 5.0-18.0) (P=.005). Sixty-six percent of the patients did not undergo any imaging test after CRPC diagnosis until the study visit (10.6, IQR: 4.0-19.5 months). Curative-intent treatment at PC diagnosis and Gleason score predicted longer time from PC to CRPC diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Physicians based their decisions to order imaging tests for metastasis detection in nmCRPC patients mainly on PSA and PSA kinetics, including the regular follow-up stated by guideline recommendations.

Tratamiento del cáncer de próstata resistente a la castración y riesgo de interacciones farmacológicas en pacientes polimedicados / Treatment for castration-resistant prostate cancer and drug interaction risk in polymedicated patients

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Actualización del protocolo de manejo del cáncer de próstata resistente a la castración metastásico de la Asociación Andaluza de Urología / Update of the Andalusian Association of Urology protocol for the management of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer

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Seguridad de nivolumab en pacientes con carcinoma de células renales metastásico: experiencia española en urología en la práctica clínica real / Safety of nivolumab in metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients: A real-life experience in a Spanish urology setting

Introducción y objetivo: Nivolumab es un agente inmunoterapéutico aprobado para el tratamiento de pacientes con carcinoma de células renales (CCR) avanzado tratados previamente. La experiencia en práctica clínica real, especialmente en lo referente a la aparición de reacciones adversas inmunorrelacionadas, es escasa. Presentamos la experiencia acerca de la seguridad de nivolumab en pacientes con CCR metastásico (CCRm) tratados en 9 hospitales de España. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, multicéntrico en pacientes con CCRm tratados con nivolumab entre 2016 y 2018. Se recogieron datos sociodemográficos y clínicos basales y las reacciones adversas relacionadas con el fármaco. Resultados: Los 26 pacientes incluidos presentaron una edad de 63,7 ± 11,5 años. El 96% presentaba ECOG 0-1 y el 78% un riesgo MKSCC favorable/intermedio. El 73% presentaba subtipo histológico de células claras y el 30%, metástasis de inicio. La mediana de seguimiento fue de 9 meses (rango: 1-14). El 100% de los pacientes presentó una reacción adversa de cualquier grado; las más frecuentes fueron la fatiga, la fiebre y la anemia (27%). El 23% presentó una reacción adversa de grado 3. Las reacciones adversas llevaron a la suspensión del tratamiento en 3 pacientes (11%). Conclusión: En la práctica clínica real, nivolumab presenta un perfil de seguridad favorable y manejable, similar al descrito en otros estudios

Introduction and objectives: Nivolumab is an immunotherapy agent that has been an approved treatment for previously treated patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Experience in real-life settings, especially regarding immune- related adverse events, is scarce. We present our experience with reference to the safety of nivolumab in patients with metastatic RCC (mRCC) treated in 9 hospitals in Spain. Material and methods: Retrospective, multicentre study of patients with mRCC treated with nivolumab between 2016 and 2018. Data on baseline socio-demographic and clinical characteristics and drug-related adverse events were collected. Results: The mean age of the 26 patients included was 63.7 ± 11.5 years; 96% were ECOG 0-1 and 78% had favourable or intermediate MSKCC risk scores; 73% had the clear cell histological subtype and 30% metastatic disease. Median follow-up was 9 months (range 1-14). All patients experienced an adverse event at different grades, with fatigue, fever and anaemia being the most common (27%). Grade 3 adverse events occurred in 23% of patients. Adverse reactions led to treatment suspension in 3 patients (11%). Conclusion: In the real-life clinical setting, nivolumab shows favourable outcomes, similar to those reported by other studies

Safety of nivolumab in metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients: A real-life experience in a Spanish urology setting. / Seguridad de nivolumab en pacientes con carcinoma de células renales metastásico: experiencia española en urología en la práctica clínica real.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Nivolumab is an immunotherapy agent that has been an approved treatment for previously treated patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Experience in real-life settings, especially regarding immune- related adverse events, is scarce. We present our experience with reference to the safety of nivolumab in patients with metastatic RCC (mRCC) treated in 9 hospitals in Spain. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective, multicentre study of patients with mRCC treated with nivolumab between 2016 and 2018. Data on baseline socio-demographic and clinical characteristics and drug-related adverse events were collected. RESULTS: The mean age of the 26 patients included was 63.7±11.5 years; 96% were ECOG 0-1 and 78% had favourable or intermediate MSKCC risk scores; 73% had the clear cell histological subtype and 30% metastatic disease. Median follow-up was 9 months (range 1-14). All patients experienced an adverse event at different grades, with fatigue, fever and anaemia being the most common (27%). Grade 3 adverse events occurred in 23% of patients. Adverse reactions led to treatment suspension in 3 patients (11%). CONCLUSION: In the real-life clinical setting, nivolumab shows favourable outcomes, similar to those reported by other studies.

Cáncer de próstata resistente a la castración no metastásico: la supervivencia libre de metástasis tiene vida propia / Metastases-free survival rate in non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: Now living on its own

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Diagnóstico de metástasis en pacientes con cáncer de próstata resistente a la castración: algoritmo de decisión en pruebas de imagen / Diagnosis of metastases in castration-resistant prostate cancer patients: Decision algorithm in imaging tests

Introducción: En el cáncer de próstata resistente a la castración (CPRC), la detección precoz de las metástasis es fundamental para la selección del tratamiento y la prevención de complicaciones óseas. Sin embargo, la detección de metástasis incipientes sigue siendo un reto dado que las pruebas radiológicas convencionales (gammagrafía ósea o tomografía computarizada) no tienen suficiente sensibilidad. Actualmente se dispone de técnicas diagnósticas por la imagen con mayor sensibilidad y especificidad cuya implantación es sin embargo escasa, debido a discrepancias en las recomendaciones. Objetivo: Elaborar un algoritmo que indique las técnicas diagnósticas por la imagen más idóneas para diferentes perfiles de pacientes con CPRC M0 según la evidencia científica. Adquisición de la evidencia: Reuniones de 8 expertos en Urología, Anatomía Patológica, Radiodiagnóstico y Medicina Nuclear organizadas por la Asociación Andaluza de Urología en las que se revisaron las recomendaciones y la evidencia científica acerca de cada una de las técnicas diagnósticas por la imagen. Síntesis de la evidencia: Se presentan las recomendaciones actuales para la detección de metástasis en pacientes con CPRC M0, los pacientes que se beneficiarían de una detección precoz y se resume la evidencia que apoya el uso de cada una de las nuevas técnicas. Conclusiones: Técnicas como la PET/TC 18F-colina o la RMCC/D y probablemente la RMA han demostrado tener una buena sensibilidad y especificidad en pacientes con PSA bajo (< 10 ng/ml). Su incorporación en la práctica clínica habitual contribuirá a mejorar la detección precoz de metástasis en pacientes con CPRC

Introduction: In castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), early detection of metastases is essential for the selection of treatment, and prevention of bone complications. However detecting incipient metastases remains a challenge as the conventional radiological tests (bone scintigraphy or computerised tomography) lack sufficient sensitivity. Diagnostic imaging techniques are currently available that have greater sensitivity and specificity, but are little used due to shortfalls in the recommendations. Objective: To create an algorithm that indicates the most suitable diagnostic imaging techniques for the different M0 CRPC patient profiles based on the scientific evidence. Evidence acquisition: Meetings were held with eight experts in Urology, Pathological Anatomy, Radiodiagnostics and Nuclear Medicine organised by the Andalusian Association of Urology, in which the recommendations and scientific evidence on each of the diagnostic imaging techniques were reviewed. Summary of the evidence: We present the current recommendations for the detection of metastasis in M0 CRPC patients, the patients that would benefit from early detection, and summarise the evidence to support the use of each of the new techniques. Conclusions: Techniques such as 18F-Choline PET/CT or DWWB MRI and probably open MRI have been demonstrated to have good sensitivity and specificity for patients with low PSA (< 10 ng/ml). Their inclusion in routine clinical practice will help improve the early detection of metastasis in CRPC patients

Diagnosis of metastasis in castration-resistant prostate cancer patients: decision algorithm in imaging tests. / Diagnóstico de metástasis en pacientes con cáncer de próstata resistente a la castración: algoritmo de decisión en pruebas de imagen.

INTRODUCTION: In castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), early detection of metastases is essential for the selection of treatment, and prevention of bone complications. However detecting incipient metastases remains a challenge as the conventional radiological tests (bone scintigraphy or computerised tomography) lack sufficient sensitivity. Diagnostic imaging techniques are currently available that have greater sensitivity and specificity, but are little used due to shortfalls in the recommendations. OBJECTIVE: To create an algorithm that indicates the most suitable diagnostic imaging techniques for the different M0 CRPC patient profiles based on the scientific evidence. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: Meetings were held with eight experts in Urology, Pathological Anatomy, Radiodiagnostics and Nuclear Medicine organised by the Andalusian Association of Urology, in which the recommendations and scientific evidence on each of the diagnostic imaging techniques were reviewed. SUMMARY OF THE EVIDENCE: We present the current recommendations for the detection of metastasis in M0 CRPC patients, the patients that would benefit from early detection, and summarise the evidence to support the use of each of the new techniques. CONCLUSIONS: Techniques such as 18F-Choline PET/CT or DWWB MRI and probably open MRI have been demonstrated to have good sensitivity and specificity for patients with low PSA (<10ng/ml). Their inclusion in routine clinical practice will help improve the early detection of metastasis in CRPC patients.

Radio-223 en el tratamiento del cáncer de próstata resistente a la castración metastásico: una ventana de oportunidad / Radium-223 for the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: A window of opportunity

Contexto: Eliminar las metástasis óseas, restaurar/preservar la morfología ósea y prevenir/retrasar los eventos óseos constituyen un objetivo fundamental en el manejo del cáncer de próstata resistente a la castración metastásico (CPRCm). Radio-223 es la primera terapia alfa-dirigida con acción sobre el hueso que aumenta la supervivencia en estos pacientes, además de mostrar otros beneficios sobre los eventos óseos. Objetivo: Analizar el impacto de las metástasis óseas en el CPRCm, así como los beneficios y la ventana de oportunidad ofrecida por radio-223 en el tratamiento de pacientes con CPRCm en el contexto terapéutico actual. Adquisición de la evidencia: Búsqueda bibliográfica en PubMed y congresos nacionales/internacionales sobre radio-223 y otros tratamientos en primera línea para el CPRCm. Se consultaron guías y recomendaciones de expertos recientes. Resumen de la evidencia: La evidencia acerca del mecanismo de acción de radio-223 amplía su efecto al entorno óseo del tumor. La supervivencia en pacientes tratados con radio-223 es superior en aquellos con síntomas leves respecto a moderados-graves. La aparición de metástasis viscerales incluso en fases tempranas del CPRCm apoya comenzar el tratamiento con radio-223 antes incluso de que los síntomas sean clínicamente relevantes. Un estudio a 3 años ha confirmado su buen perfil de seguridad. Los cambios de tALP y LDH podrían constituir marcadores útiles para la monitorización, aunque no son predictores de la supervivencia global. Conclusión: Radio-223 ofrece un alternativa terapéutica valiosa en el tratamiento de pacientes con CPRCm en fases tempranas de la enfermedad, con buen perfil de seguridad. Su beneficio se extiende al entorno óseo

Context: The elimination of bone metastases, restoration and/or preservation of bone morphology and prevention and/or delay of skeletal events are a fundamental objective in the management of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Radium-223 is the first targeted alpha therapy with effects on bone that has been shown to increase survival in these patients, besides providing other bone-related benefits. Objective: To analyze the impact of bone metastasis on mCRPC, and the benefits and the window of opportunity provided by radium-223 in the treatment of patients with mCRPC in the current treatment era. Evidence acquisition: A bibliographic search of PubMed and Spanish and international congresses on radium-223 and other first-line treatments for mCRPC was performed. Recent guidelines and recommendations by experts were also consulted. Summary of the evidence. Evidence for the mechanism of action of radium-223 widen its effects to the tumor bone environment. Survival of patients treated with radium-223 is higher in those with mild symptoms as opposed to those with moderate-severe symptoms. The presence of visceral metastases even in the early stages of mCRPC supports starting radium-223 therapy before the symptoms become clinically relevant. A 3-year study has confirmed its good safety profile. Changes in tALP and LDH may be useful markers for monitoring the treatment with radium-223, but they are not predictors of overall survival. Conclusion: Radium-223 is a valuable therapeutic alternative in the treatment of patients with mCRPC in early stages of the disease, with a good safety profile. Its benefits extend to the bone environment

Radium-223 for the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: A window of opportunity. / Radio-223 en el tratamiento del cáncer de próstata resistente a la castración metastásico: una ventana de oportunidad.

CONTEXT: The elimination of bone metastases, restoration and/or preservation of bone morphology and prevention and/or delay of skeletal events are a fundamental objective in the management of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Radium-223 is the first targeted alpha therapy with effects on bone that has been shown to increase survival in these patients, besides providing other bone-related benefits. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the impact of bone metastasis on mCRPC, and the benefits and the window of opportunity provided by radium-223 in the treatment of patients with mCRPC in the current treatment era. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A bibliographic search of PubMed and Spanish and international congresses on radium-223 and other first-line treatments for mCRPC was performed. Recent guidelines and recommendations by experts were also consulted. SUMMARY OF THE EVIDENCE: Evidence for the mechanism of action of radium-223 widen its effects to the tumor bone environment. Survival of patients treated with radium-223 is higher in those with mild symptoms as opposed to those with moderate-severe symptoms. The presence of visceral metastases even in the early stages of mCRPC supports starting radium-223 therapy before the symptoms become clinically relevant. A 3-year study has confirmed its good safety profile. Changes in tALP and LDH may be useful markers for monitoring the treatment with radium-223, but they are not predictors of overall survival. CONCLUSION: Radium-223 is a valuable therapeutic alternative in the treatment of patients with mCRPC in early stages of the disease, with a good safety profile. Its benefits extend to the bone environment.